• br ATX LPA pathway in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis

  2025-01-17

  

  ATX–LPA pathway in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis Several animal models have been used to characterize the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis and to test new therapeutic strategies. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model (Courtenay et al., 1980, Luross and Williams,

• Introduction Lipoxygenases LOXs are key

  2025-01-17

  

  Introduction Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are key enzymes that catalyze the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidic 7026 (AA), linoleic acid (LA) and others unsaturated fatty acids (Brash, 1999). LOXs are expressed in immune, neural, epithelial, tumor cells and other cells (Claesson, 2009).

• br Conclusion br Acknowledgements br Introduction Synapses

  2025-01-17

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgements Introduction Synapses are the fundamental elements of neuronal networks that enable the processing, encoding, and retrieval of information in the brain, and pathological disruptions in synapse structure are broadly held to underlie the development of neurological

• From an historical perspective ligands for

  2025-01-17

  

  From an historical perspective, ligands for GPCRs (adrenaline, serotonin, Angiotensin 1/2 (1-5) or morphine, to name a few) have been identified before their receptor counterparts, at a time when the concept of receptor itself was controversial [15]. Although many cognate receptors for endogenous l

• Molecular docking quantitative structure activity relationsh

  2025-01-17

  

  Molecular docking, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) and high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) studies have a very widespread use in computer-assisted drug design.25, 26, 27, 28 Suvannang et al. used the published X-ray crystallographic data to examine known aromatase inhibitors

• It has been proposed that angiotensin II Ang II may

  2025-01-16

  

  It has been proposed that angiotensin II (Ang II) may upregulate COX-2 expression and the subsequent vasoconstrictor prostanoids production through the activation of AT-1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells (Hu et al., 2002). Additionally, this peptide is also able to stimulate the generation

• Cellular detoxification is an important

  2025-01-16

  

  Cellular detoxification is an important process that helps remove excess oxidants from the cellular environment through endogenous antioxidants or other molecules capable of reduction. One of the key regulators of antioxidant production is the transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived

• br Alzheimer s disease AD is an irreversible

  2025-01-16

  

  Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible, age-associated neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. AD is also the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 5 million cases in the United States and 44 million cases worldwide. In 2015, AD c

• br Experimental Procedures br Acknowledgments We

  2025-01-16

  

  Experimental Procedures Acknowledgments We thank the members of the Qing laboratory for helpful suggestions and Biotree Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) for metabolomics analysis and data interpretation. This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China

• Data used in preparation of this article

  2025-01-16

  

  Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the ADNI database (adni.loni.usc.edu). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing o

• Adiponectin also suppresses inflammatory stimuli induced NF

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  Adiponectin also suppresses inflammatory stimuli-induced NF-kappaB activation, which may significantly contribute to the anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects of adiponectin (Ouchi et al., 2000). The downstream mediators of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, RPPAR and AMPK increase inflammatory responses by

• Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide PACAP is

  2025-01-16

  

  Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the secretin/growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)/vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family, with potent anti-inflammatory and potent cytoprotective properties [[6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]]. PACAP exists as

• br Introduction Adenosine deaminase ADA which can catalyze t

  2025-01-16

  

  Introduction Adenosine deaminase (ADA), which can catalyze the conversion of AD to inosine by removing an amino group, is a key hydrolytic enzyme of purine metabolism (Conway and Cooke, 1939), and plays an important role in an amount of diseases. For example, an increase of ADA activity in serum

• ADA catalyzes the deamination of adenosine and

  2025-01-16

  

  ADA catalyzes the deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine into their respective inosine nucleoside (Cristalli et al., 2001). This conversion is an initial step in a series of reactions responsible for lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, ADA is considered an indicator of cellu

• br Antioxidative stress and anti inflammation Oxidative stre

  2025-01-16

  

  Antioxidative stress and anti-inflammation Oxidative stress is a major cause of reduced endothelial NO bioavailability in hypertension, and inflammatory response is thought to play an important role in these processes (Blake and Ridker, 2001, Landmesser et al., 2006). Reactive oxygen species (ROS

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